Teachers and pupils are often related, and the spiritual element of the instrument is often as important as technical virtuosity. The relationship between teachers (known as “pandits” and “gurus” among Hindus and “ustaad” among Muslims) and their pupils is very important in Indian music. Students pay respect to their instructors by kissing their feet. Traditionally musical traditions have been passed on orally and musical skills have often been taught from father to son or teacher to pupil.
They have usually been founded by famous musicians. There are ones for singing and various instruments and they often distinguished by style and mode of thought. Gharanas are more like philosophical schools than formal institutions. Ī “gharana” (literally meaning "extended family") is a school of music. Well-known Hindustani styles include Dhrupad, Dhamar, Khayal, Tappa and Thumri.
The Hindustani style features a number of Turko-Persian musical elements not found in the more varied and, in some ways, complex Karnatak style. There are two main schools of Indian classical music: the Hindustani style of the North and the Karnatak (also spelled Karnatak and Karanatic) of the South.
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